医学微生物学_总结(免费)技巧归纳打印.doc 15页

医学微生物学 绪论 微生物：存在于自然界的一大群体形微小、结构简单、肉眼直接看不见，必须借助光学显微镜或电子显微镜放大数百倍、数千倍。甚至数万倍才能观察到的微小生物。 微生物的分类： 种类 细胞结构 核酸 特点 代表 非细胞型微物 无典型细胞结构构 DNA或RNA,两者不同时存在 无产生能量的酶系统，只能在活细胞内生长增值 病毒 原核细胞型微生物 无核膜、核仁，仅有核糖体 DNA和RNA 古生菌、细菌（细菌、支原体、衣原体、立克次体、螺旋体和放线菌） 真核细胞型微生物 细胞核分化程度很高，有核膜核仁，细胞器完整 DNA和RNA 真菌 3.病原微生物：少数具有致病性，能引起人类、植物病害的微生物。 机会致病性微生物：在正常情况下不致病，只有在特定情况下导致疾病的微生物。 4，郭霍法则：① 特殊的病原菌应在同一种疾病中查见，在健康人中不存在；② 该特殊病原菌能被分离培养得纯种；③ 该纯培养物接种至易感动物，能产生同样病症；④ 自人工感染的实验动物体内能重新分离得到该病原菌纯培养。 郭霍法则的特殊情况 5.免疫学：㈠ 主动免疫； ㈡ 被动免疫。 细菌学 细菌的形态与结构 细菌的大小与形态 观察细菌常采用光学显微镜，一般以微米为单位。 按细菌外形可分为：①、球菌（双球菌、链球菌、葡萄球菌、四联球菌、八叠球菌） ②、杆菌（链杆菌、棒状杆菌、球杆菌、分枝杆菌、双歧杆菌） ③、螺形菌（弧菌、螺菌、螺杆菌） 细菌的结构 基本结构：细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、核质 特殊结构：荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛、芽胞 2.革兰阳性菌（G+）：显紫色; 革兰阴性菌（G-）：显红色。 3. 细胞壁 格兰阳性菌 G+ 格兰阴性菌 G- 肽聚糖 聚糖骨架、四肽侧链、五肽交联桥 （三维立体结构） 聚糖骨架、四肽侧链 （二维结构） 磷壁酸（重要的菌体表面抗原） 外膜（脂多糖、脂质双层、脂蛋白） 4.G-菌的外膜 ｛脂蛋白LPS（脂质A，核心多糖，特异多糖） 脂质双层 脂多糖｝ 脂多糖即G-菌的内毒素。LPS是G-菌的重要致病物质，使白细胞增多，直至休克死亡；另一方面，LPS也可增强机体非特异性抵抗力，并有 抗肿瘤等有益作用。 ① 脂质A：内毒素的毒性和生物学活性的主要成分，无种属特异性，不同细菌的脂质A骨架基本一致，故不同细菌产生的内毒素的毒性作用均相似。 ② 核心多糖：有属特异性，位于脂质A的外层。 ③ 特意多糖：即G-菌的菌体抗原（O抗原），是脂多糖的最外层。 5.细胞壁的功能： 维持菌体固有的形态，并保护细菌抵抗低渗环境。 G-菌的外膜是一种有效的屏障结构，使细菌不易受到机体的体液杀菌物质、肠道的胆盐及消化酶等的作用。 6.细菌细胞壁缺陷型（细菌L型）：细菌细胞壁的肽聚糖结构受到理化或生物因素的直接破坏或合成呗抑制，这种细菌壁受损的细菌在高渗环境下仍可存活者称为细菌细胞壁缺陷型。 原生质体：G+菌细胞壁缺失后，原生质层仅被一层细胞膜包住 原生质球：G-菌肽聚糖层受损后尚有外膜保护 细菌L型的诱发因素，如：溶菌酶，青霉素，溶葡萄球菌素，胆汁，抗体，补体等。 溶菌酶：能裂解肽聚糖中N-乙酰葡萄胺和N-乙酰胞壁酸之间的B-1，4糖苷键，破坏聚糖骨架，引起细菌裂解。 青霉素：能与细菌竞争合成肽聚糖过程中所需的转肽酶，抑制四肽侧链上D-丙氨酸与五肽桥间的联结，使细菌不能合成完 整的肽聚糖，在一般渗透压环境中科导致细菌死亡。 细菌L型需在高渗低琼脂含血清的培养基中生长。 G+菌细胞壁缺损形成的原生体，在普通培养基中很容易胀裂死亡，必须保存在高渗环境中。 7.细 胞 膜：细胞膜的主要功能：ⅰ 物质转运 ⅱ 呼吸和分泌 ⅲ 生物合成 ⅳ 参与细菌分裂 8.细 胞 质：①核糖体 链霉素（与细菌核糖体的30S亚基结合）和红霉素（与细菌核糖体的50S亚基结合）均能干扰其蛋白质合成，从而杀死细菌，但对人体核糖体无害。 ②质粒 染色体外的遗传物质，为闭合环状的双链DNA ③胞制颗粒 贮藏有营养物质。异染颗粒（也成迂回体，嗜碱性强，用甲基蓝染色时着色较深呈紫色）常见于白喉棒状杆菌。 9.核 质：细菌的遗传物质。 10.细菌的特殊结构 ⑴．荚膜：包绕在细胞壁外的一层粘液性物质，为多糖或蛋白质的多聚体。 厚度≧0.2微米边界明显的称为荚膜或大荚膜；厚度﹤0.2微米的为微荚膜。 若粘液物质疏松地附着于菌细胞表面，边界不明显且易被洗脱者成为粘液层。 大多数细菌的荚膜为多糖，多糖分子组成和构型的多样化使其结构极为复杂，成为血清学分型的基础。 荚膜对一般碱性染料亲和力低，不易着色。 荚膜的功能：Ⅰ抗吞噬作用；Ⅱ粘附作用；Ⅲ抗有害物质的损伤作用。 ⑵．鞭毛：包括：单毛菌、双毛菌、丛毛菌、周毛菌 鞭毛由基础小体、钩状体、丝状体三部分组成。 鞭毛的功能：使细菌能在液体中自由游动，速度迅速。细菌的运动有化学趋向性，常向营养物质处前进，而逃离有害物质。 ⑶．菌毛：必须用电子显微镜观察 普通菌毛 性菌毛：仅见于少数G-菌。 ⑷．芽胞：细菌的休眠形式，营养缺乏尤其是C、N、P元素不足时，细菌生长繁殖减速，启动芽胞形成的基因。 细菌的芽胞由内向外依次是：核心、内膜、芽胞壁、皮质、外膜、芽胞壳和押宝外衣。 芽胞具有完整的核质、酶系统和合成菌体组分的结构，能保存细菌的全部生命必须物质，芽胞形成后细菌即失去繁殖能力。 一个细菌只形成一个芽胞，一个芽胞也只能生成一个菌体。 细菌的芽胞对热力、干燥、辐射、化学消毒剂等理化因素均有强大的抵抗力。此外，当芽胞成为繁殖体后，能迅速大量繁殖而致病。 第二章 细菌的生理 第一节 细菌的理化性质 细菌的化学组成 水、无机盐、蛋白质、糖类、脂肪、核酸 2.细菌的物理性状 ①.光学性质；②.表面积;细菌的相对表面积大，有利于同外界进行物质交换；③.带电现象；④.半透性：细菌的细胞膜和细胞壁都有半透性，有利于吸收营养和排除代谢产物；⑤.渗透压：细菌所处一般环境相对低渗。 第二节 细菌的营养和生长繁殖 一、细菌的营养类型 1、自养菌：化能自养菌、光能自养菌 2、异养菌：腐生菌、寄生菌 所有的病原菌都是异养菌，大部分属寄生菌。 二、细菌的营养物质 1、水 2、碳源 3、氮源：作为菌体成分的原料 4、无机盐：常用元素（P,S,K,Na，Mg,Ga.Fe）微量元素（Zn,Cu,Mn,钴） 各类无机盐的公用：①、构成有机化合物，成为菌体的成分； ②、作为酶的组成成分，维持酶的活性； ③、参与能量的储存和转运；④、调节菌体内外渗透压； ⑤、某些元素与细菌的生长繁殖和致病作用密切相关。 5、生长因子：生长因子是指，某些细菌细菌生长所必须的但自身又不能合成，必须由外界供给的物质。 三、细菌摄取营养物质的机制 1.被动扩散： 2.主动转运系统：Ⅰ、依赖于周浆间隙结合蛋白的转运系统； Ⅱ、化学渗透趋势转运系统； Ⅲ、基团转移 四、影响细菌生长的环境因素 1、营养物质 2、氢离子浓度（pH） 3、温度 4、气体：①专性需氧菌：具有完善的呼吸酶系统，以分子氧为受氢体，仅能在有氧环境下生长 ②微需氧菌：在低氧压生长最好 ③兼性厌氧菌：兼有需氧系统和无氧发酵两种功能，在有氧或无氧环境均能生长，但以有氧环境生长较好 ④专性厌氧菌：缺乏完善的呼吸酶系统，利用氧以外的其他物质作为受氢体，只能在低氧分压或无氧环境中进行发酵 5、渗透压： 五、细菌的生长繁殖 ①、个体的生长繁殖 ②、群体的生长繁殖：1、迟缓期； 2、对数期； 3、稳定期； 4、衰亡期 第三节 细菌的新陈代谢和能量转换 细菌的能量代谢 细菌能量代谢活动中主要涉及ATP形式的化学能。细菌的有机物分解或无机物氧化过程中释放的能量通过底物的磷酸化或氧化磷酸化合成ATP。 生物体能量代谢的基本生化反应是生物氧化，其方式包括：加氧、脱氢和托电子反应，细菌则以脱氢或氢的传递更为常见。 发酵：以有机物为受氢体的生物氧化。呼吸：以无机物为受氢体的生物氧化。以分子氧为受氢体的是有氧呼吸，以其他无机物为受氢体的是厌氧呼吸。 病原菌合成细胞组分和获得能量的基质主要为糖类，通过糖的氧化或酵解释放能量，并以高能磷酸键的形式（ATP/ADP）储存能量。 EMP途径，又称糖酵解。大多数细菌共有的基本代谢途径，有些专性厌氧菌产能的唯一途径。 磷酸戊糖途径，又称一磷酸己糖途径。为生物合成提供前提和还原能。 需氧呼吸，需氧菌和兼性厌氧菌进行需氧反应。 厌氧呼吸，专性厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌都能进行厌氧呼吸。 二、细菌的代谢产物 ㈠、分解代谢产物和细菌的生化反应 ㈡、合成代谢产物及其医学上的意义 热原质（致热源），是细菌合成的一种注入人体或动物体内能引起发热反应的物质。产生热致源的细菌大都为格兰阴性菌，热致源即其细胞壁的脂多糖。 毒素及侵袭性酶：①、外毒素：多数G+菌和少数G-菌在生长繁殖过程中释放菌体外的蛋白质； ②、内毒素：G-菌细胞壁的脂多糖； 外毒素毒性强于内毒素。 ③、侵袭性酶：某些细菌产生的，能损伤机体组织，促使菌体的侵袭和扩散，是细菌重要的致病物质。 色素： 抗生素：某些微生物代谢过程中产生的一类能抑制或杀死某些其他微生物或肿瘤细胞的物质。抗生素大多由放线菌和真菌产生。 细菌素：某些菌株产生的一类具有抗菌作用的蛋白质。细菌素仅对与产生菌有亲缘关系的细菌有杀伤作用。 维生素： 细菌的人工培养 培养基 基础培养基 增菌培养基 选择培养基 鉴别培养基 厌氧培养基 细菌在培养基中的生长情况 ㈠ 液体培养基 ㈡ 固体培养基 菌落：单个细菌分裂繁殖成肉眼可见的细菌基团。 光滑型菌落 粗糙型菌落 粘液型菌落 ㈢ 半固体培养基 人工培养细菌的用途 医学：①感染性疾病的病原学诊断 ②细菌学的研究 ③生物制品的制备 工农业生产 基因工程 第3章 消毒灭菌与病原微生物实验室生物安全 第一节 消毒灭菌的常用术语 灭菌：杀灭生物体上所有微生物的方法。 消毒：杀死物体上或环境中的病原 微生物，并不一定能杀死细菌芽胞或非病原微生物的方法。 防腐：防止或抑制皮肤表面细菌生长繁殖的方法。 无菌：无菌即不存在活菌，多是灭菌的结果。无菌操作：防止细菌进入人体或其他物品的操作技术。 清洁：减少微生物数量的过程。 第二节 消毒灭菌的方法 一、物理消毒灭菌法 ㈠、热力灭菌法 ①干热灭菌法：一般细菌繁殖体在干燥状态下，80-100℃经1小时可被杀死，芽胞则需要更高温度才能被杀死。 包括：焚烧、烧灼、干烤、红外线 ②湿热灭菌法：最常用，在相同温度下湿热灭菌法比干热灭菌法效果更好，因为：ⅰ湿热中细菌菌体蛋白较易凝固变性；ⅱ湿热的穿透力比干热大；ⅲ湿热的蒸汽有潜热效应存在。 包括：巴氏消毒法（加热至61.1-62.8℃30分钟，71.7℃经15-30秒）、煮沸法、流动蒸汽消毒法、间歇蒸汽灭菌法、高压蒸汽灭菌法。 ㈡、辐射杀菌法： 紫外线：波长240—300nm的紫外线具有杀菌作用，其中以265—266nm最强。 电离辐射 微波：波长为1—1000mm的电磁波，不能穿透金属表面。微波主要靠热效应发挥作用，且必须在有一定含水量条件下才能显示出来。 ㈢、滤过杀菌法 ㈣、干燥杀菌法 ㈤、低温杀菌法 二、化学消毒灭菌法 原理：⑴、促进菌体蛋白质变性或凝固；⑵、干扰细菌的酶系统和代谢；⑶、损伤细菌的细胞膜而影响细菌的化学组成、物理结构和生理活动。 第四节 影响消毒灭菌效果的因素 ㈠、微生物的种类 微生物对消毒灭菌的敏感性高低排序大致如下：真菌、细菌繁殖体、有包膜病毒、无包膜病毒、分枝杆菌、细菌芽胞。 ㈡、微生物的物理状态 ㈢、微生物的数量 ㈣、消毒剂的性质、浓度及作用时间 ㈤、温度：消毒剂的杀菌作用速度随温宿升高而加快。 ㈥、酸碱度 ㈦、有机物 第五节 病原微生物实验室生物安全 一、病原微生物的分类 1、能够引起人类或动物非常严重疾病的微生物，以及我国尚未发现或已经宣布消灭的微生物。 2、能够引起人类或动物严重疾病，比较容易直接或间接在人与人、动物与动物、动物与人间传播的微生物。 3、能够引起人类或动物疾病，但一般情况下对人、动物或环境不构成严重危害，传播风险有限，实验室感染后很少引起严重疾病并且具备有效治疗和预防措施的微生物。 4、通常情况下不会引起人类或动物疾病的微生物。 二、病原微生物实验室的分级 一级： 二级： 三级： 四级： 第6章 细菌的耐药性 第一节 抗菌药物的种类及其作用机制 1.抗菌药物包括抗生素和化学合成的药物，抗生素是指对特意微生物有杀灭和抑制作用的微生物产物。 一、抗菌药物的种类 ㈠．按化学结构和性质分类 1.B-内酰胺类：均含有B-内酰胺环。 ①青霉素类： ②头孢菌素类： ③头霉素： ④单环B-内酰胺类： ⑤碳青霉素烯类： ⑥B-内酰胺酶抑制剂： 2.大环内酯类：红霉素、螺旋霉素 3.氨基糖苷类：链霉素、庆大霉素 4、四环素类： 5、氯霉素类： 6、化学合成的抗菌药物： 7、其他： ㈡．按生物来源分类 细菌： 真菌： 放线菌： 二、抗菌药物的作用机制 1、干扰细菌细胞壁的合成 2、损伤细胞膜的功能 3、影响蛋白质的合成 4、抑制核酸的合成 第二节 细菌的耐药机制 耐药性（抗药性）：细菌对某抗菌药物（抗生素或消毒剂）的相对抵抗性。 最小抑菌浓度（MIC）：用来表示细菌对某药物的耐药性程度。 敏感：有效药物治疗剂量在血清中浓度大于最小抑菌浓度 耐药：有效药物治疗剂量在血清中浓度小于最小抑菌浓度 一、细菌耐药的遗传机制 ㈠、固有耐药性：细菌对某些抗菌药物的天然不敏感。 ㈡、获得耐药性：细菌DNA的改变导致其获得了耐药性表型。 其耐药基因来源于基因突变或获得新基因，作用方式为接合、转导或转化。 接合：细胞间通过性菌毛相互沟通，将遗传物质如质粒或染色质DNA从供体菌转移给受体菌。 转导：以噬菌体及其含有的质粒DNA为媒介，介导供体菌耐药基因转移给受体菌内。 转化：少数细菌可从周围环境中摄入裸DNA，并掺入到细菌染色体中。 影响细菌获得耐药性发生率的三个因素：药物使用的计量、细菌耐药的自发突变率、耐药基因的转移情况 二、细菌耐药的生化机制 ㈠钝化酶的产生：1、B-内酰胺酶： 2、氨基糖苷类钝化酶 3、氯霉素乙酰转移酶 ㈡药物作用的靶位改变 ㈢抗菌药物的渗透障碍 ㈣主动外排机制 ㈤其他 第7章 细菌的感染与免疫 第一节 正常菌落与机会致病菌 1、正常菌群：当人体免疫功能正常时，对宿主无害的，某些还对人有利，是为正常微生物群。 正常菌群对宿主的生理学作用：⑴、生物拮抗，其作用机制为：①受体竞争； ②产生有害代谢产物； ③营养竞争 ⑵、营养作用：参与宿主的物质代谢、营养物质转化和合成。 ⑶、免疫作用 ⑷、抗衰老作用 2、机会致病菌 ⑴正常菌群的寄生部位改变 ⑵宿主免疫功能低下 ⑶菌群失调：常可引起二重感染或重叠感染，即在抗菌药物治疗感染性疾病的过程中，发生了另一种新致病菌引起的感染。 第二节 细菌的致病作用 1.毒力：表示细菌致病性的强弱。 半数致死量：在一定条件下能引起50%的实验动物死亡的细菌数量或毒素剂量。 半数感染量：在一定条件下能引起50%的组织培养细胞的细菌数量或毒素剂量。 2、细菌的致病作用取决于：细菌的毒力、细菌侵入的数量、细菌侵入的途径 一、细菌的毒力 ㈠侵袭力：致病菌能突破宿主皮肤、粘膜生理屏障，进入机体并在体内定植、繁殖扩散的能力。 黏附素 荚膜 侵袭性物质：侵袭素、侵袭性酶 细菌生物被摸 ㈡毒素 外毒素 内毒素 来源 G+菌和部分G-菌 G-菌 存在部分 从活菌分泌出，少数菌崩解后释出 细胞壁组分，菌裂解后释出 化学成分 蛋白质 脂多糖 稳定性 60~80℃，30分钟 160℃，2~4小时 毒性作用 强 较弱 抗原性 强 弱 特点 1、大多数的化学本质是蛋白质 2、毒性作用强，对组织器官有高度选择性 3、绝大多数不耐热 4、抗原性强 5、可用人工化学方法脱去毒性（A亚基活性） County economic work conference leadership speech:The main task of the twenty-six session of the six plenary meeting of the county the county economic work conference this time, by the partys eighteen and eighteen Third Plenary Session of the spirit as a guide, carry out and implement the central and provincial economic work conference on rural work conference and the three session of the seven plenary session of the party to expand the spirit of the meeting, the total summary of last year the work, analysis of the current situation, the deployment of this work, further strengthening the development of consensus, to mobilize the whole county county, deepening reform and innovation, to work against poverty, accelerate the transformation of leapfrog, promote scientific development, struggling to write a new harmonious beautiful mountains and show a prosperous civilization to build a new building. The following chapter * *, according to the county Discussion of the views of the Standing Committee, I focus on four aspects of the problem:* * * years, the county to seriously implement the central decision-making arrangements and real, in accordance with the high position, as a typical tree, catch catch up with speed for a breakthrough, five in one overall grasp to raise human resources to promote overall leap, firmly grasp for the project, investment, industry, structural adjustment, Emegumi Mio, promote harmony, agency the county economy presents the social development to catch up, are balanced development, promote the overall, a good momentum of sustained rise.According to Article 11 priority, economic construction full speed. Focusing on the development of this priority service, set up the market idea is constantly refined, can the implementation of major projects, efforts to expand the investment, vigorously develop the non-public economy, to ensure the continuous healthy and rapid development of the county economy, investment in fixed assets investment, industrial added value. Fiscal income, per capita net income of farmers and other major economic indicators maintained two digit growth. According to the 3341 project engineering, proved reserves pre project 4744, * * 4, for central heating in the west, the South Cave Temple landscape Avenue, oil oil road lifting column ten key counties Project smoothly, investment projects to promote the transformation of the pull, supporting further highlights the role; to promote in Honghe oilfield Mton construction, careful implementation of natural fiber cotton industry a reconstruction and expansion of the two phase, Huarun home ceramics, ceramics, Zhengda feed class three, class 44 full load keep the production, operation and sales booming, the cotton industry has become the city after the coal transport and one employment value-added industry; Xiping railway through infiltration through operations, Jing Road opened to traffic vehicles, further highlights the * * traffic hub; Longyuan red fruit trade company successfully introduced, for the first time now * * fruit Direct export; is a production company 300 thousand tons of feed production line, Yurun Group * * broiler breeding district built colonization production, forming a company + farmers model of development, in promoting the transition to farming aquaculture has taken a solid pace; vegetable industry focus management promotion and marketing docking. Rui Jing River area, vegetable mould scale continues to expand, Wang Rui Feng, and other heavy key towns village village layout, sudden breakthrough strong momentum; Yudu Kang family, Wang twenty shop center village construction into the industry, ecological, cultural, tourism and other factors, the tour group construction community management, Set a benchmark for the new rural construction, the construction of new rural county in the two end of the pilot beam to keep the innovation and enhance the momentum.To accelerate the reform and innovation, political construction steadily. The reform and innovation as the core of the heart, coagulation unite together in political construction, to create a good environment for the countys development. Constantly improve the working mechanism, support peoples congresses, governments, CPPCC Standing Committee work, to further improve and perfect the sub division of responsibility, the full implementation of the county led the pack leader catch the township, contact departments, corporate responsibility system; established a comprehensive assessment of the five one approach, the implementation of Rural Township, Department of secretary of the party organization work the honesty and democratic appraisal system, encourage encourage creative work for the Department of Township, village cadres, and constantly improve the performance assessing and Industry Development Linked incentive mechanism, the formation of winds are strong enough, good momentum and seek common development; communication mechanism and establishment of provinces and cities, double units, actively seek the support of docking project, the implementation of funds, with the country, the province, has injected new impetus to realize synchronous well-off. To strengthen the grassroots base,, take the two push an election and direct push elections , complete the general village two committees , earnestly carry out the development of village level financial clean-up, to fully implement the party, government and village affairs, expand the peoples right to know, participation and supervision rights; in-depth implementation of the four on two open the work of law, and constantly improve the base By election procedure, public consultation and accountability mechanism, promote the masses in industry development, community governance, realize self management, public affairs and public welfare undertakings in the development of self service. To promote the reform of key areas of heavy water, and comprehensively promote the city comprehensive law enforcement, business, food and drug supervision system reform, reasonable the adjustment of discipline discipline inspection and supervision, procuratorate organs, quality inspection departments, strengthen the integration of industry and commerce, service functions, improve administrative efficiency; further promote reform into the right system of rural financial reform and development of collective forest, rural development and further enhance the vitality.Focus on financial integration and development of cultural construction, accelerate the pace of fast. Seize the provinces heritage of Chinese civilization, Chuang Chuang District building, Dayun Temple unearthed cultural relics and Buddhist relics Millennium such as opportunity, efforts to promote cultural tourism integration development. Efforts to enhance the level of planning, and employ high quality planning and design units, the county cultural tourism development planning and the overall planning of the cloud temple, reported the provincial culture to enhance the coordination of regulation to promote the leading group approved in the province, the city within the province, forming a west of Dunhuang, East * * consensus, for my county with rich historical and cultural resources to promote the economic structure turn around, The development of the way to find a starting point. And constantly improve the implementation of the system of scenic spots, water conservation and construction of Tian exhibition hall construction, built the South Cave Temple before a square and landscape Avenue, meticulously made jade Kang Jia Wang Cun, twenty shop ecological tourism demonstration village, Wu Huan Martyrs Memorial Hall preparatory work disabilities progress smoothly and, to further improve the system of tourism attractions. Strengthen the protection of cultural relics, the temple unearthed cultural relics protection such as the focus, to carry out a full survey of cultural relics, registration, maintenance and other work, find out the county cultural relics protection and the status quo. Continue to strengthen publicity and promotion, in order to Buddha seselj Millennium now As an opportunity to successfully held the inauguration cum Dayun Temple Buddha relic Lian in deep mining method; mother of Queen Mother of the west culture, held the fifth cross strait Coast West Queen female culture seminar by Chinese intangible cultural heritage center initiative, the West Queens birthday was established as the Chinese mothers day, I determine the county as the international mother queen mother of the west culture the research base in Beijing; the success of the Gansu Buddhist Culture Research Seminar * *, established Chinese and international Fobao Holy Buddha relic research center position, CCTV and Macao and so on a number of media for the depth, resulting in extensive influence at home and abroad, visibility and influence * * * culture brand The sound is further improved.Efforts to improve the peoples livelihood and social construction fruitful. Adhere to the people-oriented, pay more attention to social construction, efforts to improve the peoples livelihood security barrier level. Careful measures do Huimin practical, double, agricultural loans, and poverty alleviation development province in the practical handling of solid and effective, especially Jing Hebei road construction, the implementation of the county the 521 thread road reconstruction project, to solve the problems of the masses along the way group years of difficulties and problems, to speed up the development of the country along along conditions. Promote the overall development of social undertakings, adhere to the priority of education development, construction completion of recruit students * * 4, 13 kindergartens expansion and expansion is completed and put into use, 45 schools of food Hall fully completed, a substantial increase in the number of on-line books over the entrance general; all the full implementation of the rural health service ten full coverage, the county food and drug supervision system for continuous improvement; regarded attaches great importance to the work of family planning, the national population and family planning interests to guide policy system construction demonstration county through the provincial inspection;; multi expansion the coverage of social security, technology, radio and television undertakings developed. Continue to deepen the double action, in accordance with the village is linked industry, household income is linked to help ideas, deepening the not rich first help, together with the well-off society theme of practical activities, to build a market wide wide Base platform, connection with the farmers, new farmers professional cooperative economic organization with 121, capital cooperatives 10, first rich guide staff and poverty benefit object to establish the node mechanism, for rich people to fulfill their social responsibilities, to realize their own value to build a platform for poor farmers to get rich extension expand the ways find the starting point, for all levels of cadres to carry out work. To strengthen social governance, to construct the scientific governance pattern of society as the direction, to the township level and village level social service community management as the focus, product actively adapt to the economic structure, organizational form, the trend of diversified values Tie, and carry out the management of rural three movement, five independent, three cooperation for action and a study of three visits three the main theme of practical activities, promoting social comprehensive governance, in-depth investigation and handling of the spear of contradictions and disputes, to crack down on illegal crime, the social stability and development to optimize the environment.Adhere to the comprehensive combination of governance, improve the level of ecological civilization. Ecological construction mode of innovation, to continue to expand the ecological effect, and strive to build the ecological brand, the construction of ecological civilization step pace significantly accelerated. Forestry development efforts of the increase, to control the key areas of green and heavy key River Basin as the focus, carefully implement the whole basin destroy, surface mountain ecological restoration, forest road facilities and villages Tuen green, complete ecological afforestation, mu, ecological barrier function is growing. The environment restoration by Ti Tianjian to accelerate the pace of construction, small watershed management, the governance and the construction of high standard basic farmland for heavy emphasis, additional land acres, national water Soil conservation ecological civilization County created by the provincial approval; in energy development and pollution of heavy industrial enterprises focus on emission reduction as the focus, pay close attention to the implementation of environmental protection measures, environmental quality improved significantly. The effectiveness of county county village of environmental governance, vigorously implement the five force change three construction and reconstruction to carry out comprehensive renovation, village environment comprehensive improvement of the rural environment, dirty, chaotic, and poor problem in some key areas to be solved.Outstanding pioneer leader, continue to strengthen party building. The main building and development of the theme on the buckle, positive innovation carrier, and strive to build the brand, and the scientific level of Party Construction in a step by step improvement. To strengthen ideological and political construction, organization of Party members and cadres to seriously study and implement the partys general secretary of the Third Plenary Session of the eighteen and Xi Jinping series of important speech, enhance ideological and political quality of cadres and Party members at all levels of ability to lead the development of; extensive China country dream publicity and education, and actively promote the harmony, Ten Star filial piety of mass spiritual civilization creation and evaluation, public citizen morals and socialist core The construction of value system. The whole heart constantly strengthen comprehensively strengthen the building of grassroots organizations, to force five hundred points building integrated joint demonstration project, carefully build the Jing water pioneer brand building, earnestly carry out the exhibition home hand in hand to build well-off dream theme activities, and constantly improve the working mechanism of township town Party committee the base, the grass-roots party construction work was significantly improved;; set up in Germany for the first to have both ability and political integrity, and attention to conduct, advocate hard work, outstanding performance, recognized by the masses selection guide, on the part of the Township Town, the Department team has been adjusted, so that a number of pragmatic style, outstanding performance. The masses of the public That cadres be reused;; the full implementation of village cadres remuneration growth mechanism, hiring 150 student village cadres, selected 54 outstanding young cadres to serve the village, 15 outstanding college-graduate village official in Shandong Weifang square, study tours, stimulate the work of cadres working force. Continuing to strengthen cadre style construction, the full implementation of the central eight regulations and the relevant provisions of province, city to beg, carry out the effectiveness storm actions, streamline meeting documents, reduce public official reception, strictly control three funds charges, and resolutely put an end to waste waste, actively carry out the clean room, clean car and normative appraisal standards commend Other special activities, work style continued to improve. Must strengthen clean government, strict accountability, honest government, political party cadres standards, leading leading cadres a pair of responsibility and the political conversation system, education, system, supervision and punishment as the main content of the punishment and prevention system to establish an effective, long-term mechanism of anti-corruption corruption tends to improve, to accelerate the development of the creation of a good environment.The scientific study situation, is the premise and basis of doing all the work. The thorough analysis of the situation, we feel deeply felt, at present, my county is in advance in the crucial period of reform, the transition across the reversal period, the critical period of accelerated development period, even in the golden period of economic development period, superposition the policy of opportunity, the release period after hair advantage, pressure and hope coexist, opportunities and challenges coexist. Can seize the opportunity, meet the challenge, while avoiding disadvantages, to smooth profits, to complete our duties, given the history, is a major issue to be in-depth thinking of the entire County. We should not only in Gu Qing review summary Wake up the understanding of their own difficulties and problems in the development existence, and clarify the opportunities and challenges in the macro situation, but also in the future in the development of law and to grasp and accurately judge the characteristics of order stage, actively adapt to the change trend, firmly establish the feel, hardship, seize the opportunity to tackle, firm speed up the development of faith, struggling to write beautiful beautiful chapter. The spectrum of a prosperous civilization and harmonious construction of the new policeHow to recognize the hardship, is to ask questions, identify the crux of the self pressure. The ancients said: calamity, died of happiness. Facing the new situation of development, we should not only summarize the experience and results, more important is to find out the questions, recognize the gap. For many years, through the tireless efforts of the whole county my county, the economic and social development has made remarkable achievements, but in accordance with the requirements of the new situation and measure, the total economic output is small, the development, open development level is low, the crux of the problem, some of the problems restricting the development has not been fundamentally solved. One is the depth of the development of industrial agriculture is insufficient. Pass. Through exploration and practice, the team and the county cadres and the masses, and the three leading industry begun to regulate livestock scale, benefit initially apparent. But universally exist imperfect market mechanism problem, is still in the standardization of production, market operation, the initial industrialization stage. The fruit industry to expand the amount of quality and efficiency brand is facing many challenges, because in the affected area of cultivated land constraints, the scale of the surface does not have the advantage, we must strengthen management, improve the efficiency of the efforts in depth development, cultivating cluster composition articles, or in a passive situation in the region will be competitive. The animal husbandry industry still to support the project, large pile planting, Small cell model, the total size of small, large fluctuations in the market, the overall efficiency is not high. The government funded the construction of vegetable industry shed, not fully play the role of the masses of the main problems are still very prominent, narrow coverage, low, benefit. By the industry, due to location, influence, historical factors. The industrial economy is small, benefit benefit low, investment and industrial economy main index only rely on the Red River oilfield, natural fiber cotton industry and other enterprises, industrial short board, short legs in the short term is difficult to be solved. It is the third industry, since ancient times is that the west is * * the gateway to Changan City, known as a drought in Eastern Gansu Wharf reputation, section third has the advantage of industry development potential. In recent years, richly endowed by nature of development practice, although Pingding Xiping railway, high-speed, west east gas pipeline and other projects have been completed, but only just play channel role, role of logistics industry development of the * * * pull action is not obvious, not due to the birth of the logistics industry system, but not very good will * * regional advantages into economic advantage. The two is the construction of urbanization is a heavy task. The county is an important joint to promote the development of county urban-rural integration and leading. In recent years, our development in the county has done a lot of work, but because of by soilfor the national strategy of developing the West, Yibin city as Yangtze towns and Southern towns, have become areas of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces central city location advantages, will take Chengdu, Chengdu, Chongqing, Chongqings County economic work conference leadership speech:The main task of the twenty-six session of the six plenary meeting of the county the county economic work conference this time, by the partys eighteen and eighteen Third Plenary Session of the spirit as a guide, carry out and implement the central and provincial economic work conference on rural work conference and the three session of the seven plenary session of the party to expand the spirit of the meeting, the total summary of last year the work, analysis of the current situation, the deployment of this work, further strengthening the development of consensus, to mobilize the whole county county, deepening reform and innovation, to work against poverty, accelerate the transformation of leapfrog, promote scientific development, struggling to write a new harmonious beautiful mountains and show a prosperous civilization to build a new building. The following chapter * *, according to the county Discussion of the views of the Standing Committee, I focus on four aspects of the problem:* * * years, the county to seriously implement the central decision-making arrangements and real, in accordance with the high position, as a typical tree, catch catch up with speed for a breakthrough, five in one overall grasp to raise human resources to promote overall leap, firmly grasp for the project, investment, industry, structural adjustment, Emegumi Mio, promote harmony, agency the county economy presents the social development to catch up, are balanced development, promote the overall, a good momentum of sustained rise.According to Article 11 priority, economic construction full speed. Focusing on the development of thi